WELCOME

Welcome To My Blog,Have Fun All !!!

GRAMMAR

Only in grammar can you be more than perfect.

SPEAKING

You can speak well if your tongue can deliver the message of your heart.

READING

The more that you read, the more things you will know. The more that you learn, the more places you'll go.

WRITING

Love is easy, and I love writing. You can't resist love. You get an idea, someone says something, and you're in love.

Jumat, 25 April 2014

Business Letter

Business Letter

 


How to write a business letter

What kind of letter is it?

A business letter is a letter written in formal language. There are many reasons to write a business letter. It could be:
  • to request direct information or action from another party,
  • to order supplies from a supplier,
  • to identify a mistake that was committed,
  • to reply directly to a request,
  • to apologize for a wrong
  • or simply to convey goodwill.

Elements of a business letter

The parts of a business letter are as follows:
  • Sender's address
  • Date
  • Inside address
  • Attention line
  • Salutation
  • Body of the letter
  • Complimentary close
  • Signature
  • Enclosure

Positions of the elements

Styles of business letters are of two main types:
  1. Full block style:
    In this type you align all elements on the left margin.
  2. Modified block:
    In this style, some elements are on the left page margin.
The following is an example of the modified block style.

Example

[SENDER'S NAME]
[SENDER'S ADDRESS]
(optional[SENDER'S PHONE]
(optional[SENDER'S E-MAIL]
[DATE]
[RECIPIENT W/O PREFIX]
[RECIPIENT'S COMPANY]
[RECIPIENT'S ADDRESS]
(Optional) Attention [DEPARTMENT/PERSON],
Dear [RECIPIENT],
[CONTENT.]
[VALEDICTION (Sincerely, Respectfully, Regards, etc.)],


[SENDER]
[SENDER'S TITLE]
Enclosures ([NUMBER OF ENCLOSURES])

Punctuation

Generally speaking, a comma follows the salutation/greeting, but in the United States a colon is often preferred. The valediction/closing is followed by a comma.

Advice

Asking for and Giving advice 

 


Expressions

Asking for advice:

  • I've got a bad toothache. What do you suggest?
  • What do you advise me to do?
  • What should I do?
  • What ought I to do?
  • What's your advice?
  • If you were me what would you do?

Giving advice

  • If I were you, I would go to the dentist.
  • Why don't you go to the dentist?
  • You'd better brush your teeth regularly.
  • You ought to/should avoid eating sweets.
  • If you take my advice, you'll go to the dentist.
  • It might be a good idea to brush your teeth on a regular basis.
  • I advise you to brush your teeth on a regular basis.
  • Have you thought about seeing a dentist.

Declining to give advice

  • I don't know what to advise, I'm afraid.
  • I wish I could suggest something, but I can't.
  • I wish I could help.
  • I'm afraid I can't really help you.

Things to remember about asking for and giving advice:

1. "Advise" is a verb.
Example:
"I advise you to learn English. You will undoubtedly need it in your higher studies"
2. "Advice" is a noun.
Example:
"My father gave me this piece of advice when I was young: never give up"
3. "Ought to" has nearly the same meaning as "should". The only difference is that "ought to " refers to a moral or external obligation but should is more of an advice.
Example:
"You ought to stop smoking."
"You should stop smoking."
4. "You'd better" is the short form of "you had better"
Example:
"You'd better see a doctor!" = "You had better see the doctor"

Study the dialogue:

Student: I'm terrible at English and I think I should do something about it. What do you advise me to do?
Teacher: I think you should try this website. It's a fantastic website for beginners.
Student: I've heard about it, but what do you think I should start with?
Teacher: You'd better start with the lessons.Then, try the exercises.

Opinion

Expressing Your Opinion 

 


How to express your opinion

Expressing opinion

I think...
As far as I'm concerned,..
To my mind,...
According to me,...
As I see it, ...
It seems to me that...
In my point of view / my opinion,....
From my point of view...
I am of the opinion that...
I take the view that. ..
My personal view is that...
In my experience...
As far as I understand / can see/see it,...

Agreeing or disagreeing

Agreeing with an opinion:

I agree with this opinion.
I completely agree with this view.
This is absolutely right.
I couldn't / can't agree more.

Partial agreement:

I agree with this point of view, but...
This idea is right, but...
I agree with you, but...

Disagreeing with an opinion:

I'm afraid. I can't agree with you.
I disagree with you.
I don't agree with you.
I'm not sure I agree with you
I think you're wrong
How To Express Your Opinion,Click Here !!!!

Modals

Modal Verbs And Their Meaning 

 


What are modal verbs?

Modals (also called modal verbs, modal auxiliary verbs, modal auxiliaries) are special verbs which behave irregularly in English. They are different from normal verbs like "work, play, visit..." They are used to indicate modality. They give additional information about the function of the main verb that follows it. They have a great variety of communicative functions.

Use of modal verbs:

Modal verbs are used to express functions such as:
  1. Permission
  2. Ability
  3. Obligation
  4. Prohibition
  5. Lack of necessity
  6. Advice
  7. possibility
  8. probability

Remember

Modal verbs are followed by an infinitive without "to"

Examples:

  • You must stop when the traffic lights turn red
  • You should see to the doctor
  • There are a lot of tomatoes in the fridge. You need not buy any.

Exception:

  • You ought to go to the doctor

A list of modals

Here is a list of modals:
Modal Verb Meaning Expressing Example

must

to have to 100 % obligation I must stop when the traffic lights turn red.
to be very probable logical conclusion (deduction) He must be very tired after such enormous work

must not

not to be allowed to prohibition You must not smoke in the hospital.

can

to be able to ability I can swim
to be allowed to permission Can I use your phone please?
it is possible possibility Smoking can cause cancer !

could

to be able to ability in the past When I was younger I could stay up all night and not get tired..
to be allowed to more polite permission Excuse me, could I just say something?
it is possible possibility It could rain tomorrow!

may

to be allowed to permission May I use your phone please?
it is possible, probable possibility, probability It may rain tomorrow!

might

to be allowed to more polite permission Might I use your phone please?
it is possible, probable weak possibility, probability I might come and visit you in America next year, if I can save enough money.

need

necessary necessity Need I say more?

need not

not necessary lack of necessity/absence of obligation I need not buy any tomatoes. There are plenty in the fridge.

should/ought to

used to say or ask what is the correct or best thing to do 50 % obligation I should / ought to see a doctor. I have a terrible headache.
to suggest an action or to show that it is necessary advice You should / ought to revise your lessons
to be very probable logical conclusion (deduction) He should / ought to be very tired after such enormous work

had better

to suggest an action or to show that it is necessary advice You 'd better revise your lessons

Shall and Will

Shall and Will


What is the difference between shall and will?

Shall is not used often in modern English especially in American English. In fact, shall and will have the same meaning and are used to refer to the simple future. They are use as follows:
  • will is used with all persons
    I, you, he, she, it, we, they will go there
  • shall is used with the first person singular and plural
    I, we shall go
  • The short form of will and shall is 'll
    I, you, he, she, it, we, they will or 'll call you

    I, we shall or 'll call you
  • In the negative, the short forms of will not and shall not are won't and shan't respectively
    I, you, he, she, it, we, they won't give up

    I, we shan't give up

Uses of shall

It should be noted that shall is often used to make suggestions, offers or ask for advice. It is used in questions as follows:
  • Shall we stay or go out?
  • Shall we dance?
  • Shall I get his phone number if I meet him?
  • What shall I do to get rid of my acne?
As said above shall is used with first person singular and plural (I and we.) But there is a very special use of shall with other persons to make a promise, command or threat as noted below:
  • You shall not get in! (Command)
  • You shall pay for it. (Threat)
  • You shall get your money back soon. (Promise)
In American English shall is mainly used in formal or legal documents:
  • You shall abide by the law.
  • There shall be no trespassing on this property.
  • Students shall not enter this room.

Kamis, 24 April 2014

Linking Words

Linking Words


Linking words

Like other languages, English has a lot of cohesive or transitional devices and linking words that can be used to express and join ideas.

1. Expressing addition

To add information, you can use these expressions:
Examples:
in addition, - as well as - moreover - what is more - not only...but also... - furthermore - besides - also - too - and...
  • If the project fails this will have terrible consequences not only on our department, but also on the whole organization
  • John's grades are terrible because he has been so lazy these days. In addition to this, his relationship to his parents got worse.
  • The report is badly written. Moreover, it's inaccurate.

2. Expressing contrast

To express contrast, you can use these expressions:
Examples:
although - even though - in spite of / despite - however - yet - nevertheless - nonetheless - on the contrary - whereas - on the one hand ...but on the other hand... - conversely - but...
  • Brain drain has terrible consequences on the developing countries. Nevertheless, nothing has been done to solve the problem or at least reduce its negative effects.
  • In spite of / despite Fred's old age, he goes jogging every morning.
  • Although she's very nice, her classmates hate her.
  • They have got two children, a boy and girl. The boy looks after his father whereas the girl looks after the mother.

3. Expressing cause and effect

To express cause and effect, you can use these expressions:
Examples:
consequently - as a consequence - as a result - therefore - because of this - for this reason - because - since - as - for - due to - owing to
  • She remained silent, for she was so depressed to talk.
  • We can't go to Sue's party because we'll be busy working on our project.
  • The plane was delayed because of the foggy weather.
  • He had spent most of his time hanging around instead of revising his lessons. Consequently, he had a lot of trouble answering the exam questions.

 

5. Expressing purpose

To express purpose use the following words:
Examples:
in order to - in order not to - sa as to - so as not to - to - not to
  • She wakes up early in order to be on time to work.
  • They visited him so as to offer their condolences for the death of his wife
  • He helped the new policewoman so as not to fail in her first mission.

4. Summarizing

To summarize, you can use the following expressions:
Examples:
in conclusion - to conclude - to sum up - in a nutshell - in brief - in short - all in all - everything considered...

Writing tips

Writing tips


Writing tips

These are some tips to help you in your writing.

General

The ideal English text is easy to read and understand. Good writers usually use plain English words. So your sentences should be simple, clear and well structured.
When writing, remember the following recommendations in mind:
  • use simple language
  • use simple and clear sentences
  • write well structured paragraphs (with a topic sentences supporting details and a concluding sentence)
  • you may use subordinate clauses but keep them short
  • prefer active voice to passive voice
  • avoid slang language.

Sentence

Make your sentences simple and clear.
A sentence always encloses a subject, a verb and , optionally, a complement.
Examples:
  • she tells stories
  • She lies
A sentence may contain subordinate clauses (relative clauses, if clauses…)

Paragraph

As to paragraphs, keep the following rules in mind:
  • Concentrate on one main point per paragraph. Summarize this point in the first sentence ( topic sentence.)
  • All sentences that follow support the main point or limit its scope (supporting sentences)
  • The last sentence is a summary of the main point of the paragraph and is used as a transition to the next paragraph. (concluding sentence)

Text

The typical structure of a text is as follows:
  • (title)
  • introduction
  • main part
  • conclusion
Make your texts interesting. Vary the lengths of your sentences. Use a short sentence to put emphasis on an important statements. Vary the lengths of your paragraphs and avoid one-sentence paragraphs.
There are various possibilities on how to structure your texts, e.g.:
  • General to Specific:
    general statement followed by details and examples
  • Specific to General:
    details and examples followed by a generalization:
  • Known to Unknown:
    provide new information based on what readers already know
  • Least Important to Most Important:
    catch and keep readers' attention
  • Chronology (ordering by time):
    e.g. in biographies

Process writing

Writing is a process. Famous successful writers follow these steps in their writing:
  • Collecting  the data
  • Organizing the data
  • Making an outline.
  • The first draft.
  • Editing.
  • Possible reassessment of the ideas (crossing out some ideas, introducing new ideas, rearranging ideas…)
  • Final draft.

Type of texts

  • Descriptive
  • Argumentative
  • Letters (personal and business letters)
  • Cause and effects…

Capitalization

Capitalization


Capitalization rules

Capitalization is the writing of a word with the first letter as uper-case letter (A,B, C, D,...) and the rest of the word as lower-case letters (a,b,c,d,...)
This is a summary of the capitalization.
Read the capitalization rules and study the examples given.

The rules

Capitalize the first word in a sentence.
  • They arrived late. They had dinner and went to sleep.
The first word in a quote.
  • He said, "You are fantastic."
Capitalize " I ".
  • I'm very sorry for being late. I missed the bus.
Capitalize proper nouns.
  • George was furious when he heard the bad news from Alice.
Capitalize names of rivers, mountains.
  • The Nile River is in Egypt.
  • The highest mountain in the world is Mount Everest.
The official title of a person, the initials in someone's name are capitalized
  • Dr Lynch
  • D. H. Lawrance is a wonderful novelist.
Days of the week, months of the year, holidays are capitalized.
  • We went to Paris on Monday and came back on Saturday.
  • The Independence Day is in July not January.
Capitalize countries, cities, languages, nationalities.
  • New York is more exciting than seatle.
  • He lives in London, but he's not English. He's Nigerian.
  • He speaks English, Chinese and Japanese.
The first word in each line of a poem.
  • "Who will believe my verse in time to come,
    If it were fill'd with your most high deserts?
    Though yet heaven knows it is but as a tomb
    Which hides your life, and shows not half your parts."
    Shakespear.

Listening - Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Games

Phone call to complain

Listen and learn the numbers

Daily listening lesson

Listening to English songs

Agreement, Partial Agreement And Disagreement.

Agreement, Partial Agreement And Disagreement.


Agreement, partial agreement and disagreement

The way people agree or disagree in an argument or discussion varies in different languages.

Agreement:

It is worthwhile saying that silence is not understood as agreement. If you agree with an opinion or an idea, you are expected to say so.

Expressions

There is no doubt about it that...
I completely / absolutely agree with you.
I agree with you entirely.
I totally agree with you.
I simply must agree with that.
I am of the same opinion.
I am of the same opinion.
That’s exactly what I think.

Disagreement:

Expressing disagreement is always respected as honest, and sometimes as courageous.

Expressions

I don't agree with you.
I’m sorry, but I disagree.
I'm afraid, I can't agree with you.
The problem is that...
I (very much) doubt whether...
This is in complete contradiction to...
With all due respect,…
I am of a different opinion because ...
I cannot share this / that / the view.
I cannot agree with this idea.
What I object to is...
I have my own thoughts about that.

Partial agreement:

agreeingYou can also agree but with reservation especially when there is a doubt or feeling of not being able to accept something completely

Expressions

It is only partly true that...
That’s true, but…
I can agree with that only with reservations.
That seems obvious, but...
That is not necessarily so.
It is not as simple as it seems.
I agree with you in principle, but…
I agree with you in part, but…
Well, you could be right.

Talking About Favorite Things

Talking About Favorite Things


Talking about favorite things

When you talk about your favorite things you talk about the best liked or most enjoyed things.
Examples:
  • "What's your favorite color?" "Green."

Study the dialogue:

Leila is talking to her new friend Cathy:
Leila: What kind of films do you like best?
Cathy: Science fiction. And you?
Leila: Comedy. And who's your favorite actor?
Cathy: Tom Cruise.
Leila: I like Robert de Nero most.

Asking about favorite things:Talking about Favourite Things

  • What's your favorite sport?
  • What sport do you like best?
  • What sport do you like most?
  • What kind of sport do you like best?
  • Who's your favorite football player?

Responding:

  • My favorite sport is football.
  • I like football best.
  • I like football most.
  • My favorite football player is Ronaldo.

Things to remember:

  • "Favourite" is British spelling.
  • "Favorite" is American spelling.

Gerunds

Gerunds (-ing)

When a verb ends in -ing, it may be a gerund or a present participle. It is important to understand that they are not the same.
When we use a verb in -ing form more like a noun, it is usually a gerund:
  • Fishing is fun.
When we use a verb in -ing form more like a verb or an adjective, it is usually a present participle:
  • Anthony is fishing.
  • I have a boring teacher.
Gerunds are sometimes called "verbal nouns".
In this lesson, we look at how we use gerunds, followed by a quiz to check your understanding:


Gerunds as Subject, Object or Complement

Try to think of gerunds as verbs in noun form.
Like nouns, gerunds can be the subject, object or complement of a sentence:
  • Smoking costs a lot of money.
  • I don't like writing.
  • My favourite occupation is reading.
But, like a verb, a gerund can also have an object itself. In this case, the whole expression [gerund + object] can be the subject, object or complement of the sentence.
  • Smoking cigarettes costs a lot of money.
  • I don't like writing letters.
  • My favourite occupation is reading detective stories.
Like nouns, we can use gerunds with adjectives (including articles and other determiners):
  • pointless questioning
  • a settling of debts
  • the making of Titanic
  • his drinking of alcohol
But when we use a gerund with an article, it does not usually take a direct object:
  • a settling of debts (not a settling debts)
  • Making "Titanic" was expensive.
  • The making of "Titanic" was expensive.

Gerunds after Prepositions

This is a good rule. It has no exceptions!
If we want to use a verb after a preposition, it must be a gerund. It is impossible to use an infinitive after a preposition. So for example, we say:
  • I will call you after arriving at the office.
  • Please have a drink before leaving.
  • I am looking forward to meeting you.
  • Do you object to working late?
  • Tara always dreams about going on holiday.
Notice that you could replace all the above gerunds with "real" nouns:
  • I will call you after my arrival at the office.
  • Please have a drink before your departure.
  • I am looking forward to our lunch.
  • Do you object to this job?
  • Tara always dreams about holidays.
 

Gerunds after Certain Verbs

We sometimes use one verb after another verb. Often the second verb is in the infinitive form, for example:
  • I want to eat.
But sometimes the second verb must be in gerund form, for example:
  • I dislike eating.
This depends on the first verb. Here is a list of verbs that are usually followed by a verb in gerund form:
  • admit, appreciate, avoid, carry on, consider, defer, delay, deny, detest, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, can't help, imagine, involve, leave off, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practise, put off, report, resent, risk, can't stand, suggest, understand
Look at these examples:
  • She is considering having a holiday.
  • Do you feel like going out?
  • I can't help falling in love with you.
  • I can't stand not seeing you.

Gerunds in Passive Sense

We often use a gerund after the verbs need, require and want. In this case, the gerund has a passive sense.
  • I have three shirts that need washing. (need to be washed)

  • This letter requires signing. (needs to be signed)

  • The house wants repainting. (needs to be repainted)

Conjunctions

Conjunctions


What are conjunctions?

A conjunction is a part of speech that joins two words, phrases or clauses together.
There are three types of conjunctions:
Coordinating Conjunctions Correlative Conjunctions Common Subordinating Conjunctions
  • and
  • but
  • or
  • nor
  • either...or
  • neither...nor
  • not only...but also
  • both...and
  • whether...or
  • after
  • before
  • although
  • though
  • even though
  • as much as
  • as long as
  • as soon as
  • because
  • since
  • so that
  • in order that
  • so
  • if
  • lest
  • even if
  • that
  • unless
  • until
  • when
  • where
  • whether
  • while

Coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that connect two or more equal items.
Examples:
  • He plays tennis and soccer
  • He works quickly but accurately
  • You'd better do your homework, or you'll get a terrible grade.

Correlative conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs.They work in pairs to coordinate two items. Examples of correlative conjunctions include both...and..., either...or, not only... but also...
Examples:
  • I didn't know that she can neither read nor write.
  • You can either walk to school or take the bus.
  • Both Sara and James are invited to the party.
  • Whether you watch TV or do your homework is your decision.
  • Not only are they noisy but they are also lazy.

Subordinating conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that join a dependent (or subordinating) clause to an independent (or main) clause.
Examples:
  • He reads the newspapers after he finishes work.
  • Even if you get the best grade in the writing test, you'll need to pass an oral test.
  • Although he is very old, he goes jogging every morning.
  • She didn't go to school because she was ill.
  • They went to bed since it was late
  • As soon as the teacher had arrived, they started work.

Senin, 14 April 2014

WRITING

What Is Writing ?

"Writing" is the process of using symbols (letters of the alphabet, punctuation and spaces) to communicate thoughts and ideas in a readable form.
"Writing" can also refer to the work/career of an author, as in: "Shakespeare didn't make much money from writing."
Generally, we write using a pen/pencil (handwriting) or a keyboard (typing). With a pen/pencil we usually write on a surface such as paper or whiteboard. A keyboard is normally attached to a typewriter, computer or mobile device. Voice recognition programs allow those who can't see or use their hands to have their thoughts transcribed.
Writing is the fourth of the four language skills, which are:
  1. Listening
  2. Speaking
  3. Reading
  4. Writing
In our own language, writing is usually the fourth language skill that we learn.
To write clearly it is essential to understand the basic system of a language. In English this includes knowledge of grammar, punctuation and sentence structure. Vocabulary is also necessary, as is correct spelling and formatting.
A writer may write for personal enjoyment or use, or for an audience of one person or more. The audience may be known (targeted) or unknown. Taking notes for study purposes is an example of writing for one's self. Blogging publicly is an example of writing for an unknown audience. A letter to a friend is an example of writing for a targeted audience. As with speaking, it is important to consider your audience when writing. There are many different styles of writing, from informal to formal.

SPEAKING

What Is Speaking?

"Speaking" is the delivery of language through the mouth. To speak, we create sounds using many parts of our body, including the lungs, vocal tract, vocal chords, tongue, teeth and lips.
Speaking is the second of the four language skills, which are:
  1. Listening
  2. Speaking
  3. Reading
  4. Writing
In our own language, speaking is usually the second language skill that we learn.
This vocalized form of language usually requires at least one listener. When two or more people speak or talk to each other, the conversation is called a "dialogue". Speech can flow naturally from one person to another in the form of dialogue. It can also be planned and rehearsed, as in the delivery of a speech or presentation. Of course, some people talk to themselves! In fact, some English learners practice speaking standing alone in front of a mirror.
Speaking can be formal or informal:
  • Informal speaking is typically used with family and friends, or people you know well.
  • Formal speaking occurs in business or academic situations, or when meeting people for the first time.
Speaking is probably the language skill that most language learners wish to perfect as soon as possible. It used to be the only language skill that was difficult to practice online. This is no longer the case. English learners can practice speaking online using voice or video chat. They can also record and upload their voice for other people to listen to.

GRAMMAR


What is Grammar?

Grammar is the system of a language. People sometimes describe grammar as the "rules" of a language; but in fact no language has rules*. If we use the word "rules", we suggest that somebody created the rules first and then spoke the language, like a new game. But languages did not start like that. Languages started by people making sounds which evolved into words, phrases and sentences. No commonly-spoken language is fixed. All languages change over time. What we call "grammar" is simply a reflection of a language at a particular time.
Do we need to study grammar to learn a language? The short answer is "no". Very many people in the world speak their own, native language without having studied its grammar. Children start to speak before they even know the word "grammar". But if you are serious about learning a foreign language, the long answer is "yes, grammar can help you to learn a language more quickly and more efficiently." It's important to think of grammar as something that can help you, like a friend. When you understand the grammar (or system) of a language, you can understand many things yourself, without having to ask a teacher or look in a book.
So think of grammar as something good, something positive, something that you can use to find your way - like a signpost or a map.
* Except invented languages like Esperanto. And if Esperanto were widely spoken, its rules would soon be very different.

 

English Grammar Reference Lessons

This is a list of grammar lessons arranged in different categories:
1. English tenses,
2. clauses,

Minggu, 13 April 2014

Practice Your English - Exercises

EXERCISED

Narrative Essay

Narrative Essay


Narration

In a narrative, essay we basically tell a story that is related to your own life. It can be a narration of a personal experience or the events that happened to someone you know. The narrative essay should have a purpose. It must make a point and the reader must learn a lesson or gain insight.

Tips to write a narrative essay

  • Tell a story based on one of your own experiences.
  • Use concrete details so that your readers can visualize what is happening. Give as many sensory details and vivid descriptions to involve the reader.
  • You may use dialogue.
  • Make sure that your narrative essay communicates a main idea or a lesson.
  • Spend some time drafting what you can remember about the experience.
  • Create an outline of the basic parts of your narrative.
  • Write your first draft and don't pay attention to mistakes at this stage.
  • When writing a narrative essay you may use the tools of descriptive writing.
  • Edit the essay:
    1. Does the writing effectively recreates the experience for your readers?
    2. Are there any more details and descriptions are needed?
    3. Are there any information that has to be removed?
    4. Is your narration effectively written to help your readers visualize events?
    5. Is there any logical or chronological order in your narration?
    6. Are there any grammatical or spelling mistakes?
    7. Have you used appropriate cohesive devices?
  • Write your final draft. 
  • Narrative Essay Examples

    In a narrative essay you tell a story, but you also make a point. So, it is like a story told for a reason.  

    Narrative Essays: To Tell a Story

    There are four types of essays:
  • Exposition - gives information about various topics to the reader. 
  • Description - describes in detail characteristics and traits. 
  • Argument - convinces the reader by demonstrating the truth or falsity of a topic. 
  • Narrative - tells a story, usually from one person’s viewpoint.
A narrative essay uses all the story elements - a beginning and ending, plot, characters, setting and climax - all coming together to complete the story.

Essential Elements of Narrative Essays

The focus of a narrative essay is the plot, which is told using enough details to build to a climax. Here's how:
  • It is usually told chronologically.
  • It usually has a purpose, which is usually stated in the opening sentence.
  • It may use dialogue.
  • It is written with sensory details and vivid descriptions to involve the reader. All these details relate in some way to the main point the writer is making.
All of these elements need to seamlessly combine. A few examples of narrative essays follow. Narrative essays can be quite long, so instead of a full length example of an entire essay, only the beginnings of essays are included:

Learning Can Be Scary

This excerpt about learning new things and new situations is an example of a personal narrative essay that describes learning to swim.
“Learning something new can be a scary experience. One of the hardest things I've ever had to do was learn how to swim. I was always afraid of the water, but I decided that swimming was an important skill that I should learn. I also thought it would be good exercise and help me to become physically stronger. What I didn't realize was that learning to swim would also make me a more confident person.
New situations always make me a bit nervous, and my first swimming lesson was no exception. After I changed into my bathing suit in the locker room, I stood timidly by the side of the pool waiting for the teacher and other students to show up. After a couple of minutes the teacher came over. She smiled and introduced herself, and two more students joined us. Although they were both older than me, they didn't seem to be embarrassed about not knowing how to swim. I began to feel more at ease.”

The Manager. The Leader.

The following excerpt is a narrative essay from a story about a manager who was a great leader.  Notice the intriguing first sentence that captures your attention right away.
“Jerry was the kind of guy you love to hate. He was always in a good mood and always had something positive to say. When someone would ask him how he was doing, he would reply, "If I were any better, I would be twins!" He was a unique manager because he had several waiters who had followed him around from restaurant to restaurant. The reason the waiters followed Jerry was because of his attitude. He was a natural motivator. If an employee was having a bad day, Jerry was there telling the employee how to look on the positive side of the situation.”

The Climb

This excerpt from the climb also captures your attention right away by creating a sense of mystery. The reader announces that he or she has "this fear" and you want to read on to see what that fear is.
“I have this fear. It causes my legs to shake. I break out in a cold sweat. I start jabbering to anyone who is nearby. As thoughts of certain death run through my mind, the world appears a precious, treasured place. I imagine my own funeral, then shrink back at the implications of where my thoughts are taking me. My stomach feels strange. My palms are clammy. I am terrified of heights.Of course, it’s not really a fear of being in a high place. Rather, it is the view of a long way to fall, of rocks far below me and no firm wall between me and the edge. My sense of security is screamingly absent. There are no guardrails, flimsy though I picture them, or other safety devices. I can rely only on my own surefootedness—or lack thereof.”

Disney Land

The following narrative essay involves a parent musing about taking her kids to Disney Land.
“It was a hot sunny day, when I finally took my kids to the Disney Land. My son Matthew and my daughter Audra endlessly asked me to show them the dream land of many children with Mickey Mouse and Snow-white walking by and arousing a huge portion of emotions. Somehow these fairy tale creatures can make children happy without such “small” presents as $100 Lego or a Barby’s house in 6 rooms and garden furniture. Therefore, I thought that Disney Land was a good invention for loving parents.”

The Sacred Grove of Oshogbo by Jeffrey Tayler

The following essay contains descriptive language that helps to paint a vivid picture for the reader of an encounter with a man.
“As I passed through the gates I heard a squeaky voice. A diminutive middle-aged man came out from behind the trees — the caretaker. He worked a toothbrush-sized stick around in his mouth, digging into the crevices between algae'd stubs of teeth. He was barefoot; he wore a blue batik shirt known as a buba, baggy purple trousers, and an embroidered skullcap. I asked him if he would show me around the shrine. Motioning me to follow, he spat out the results of his stick work and set off down the trail.”

Playground Memory

The first excerpt from, “Playground Memory”, has very good sensory details.
“Looking back on a childhood filled with events and memories, I find it rather difficult to pick on that leaves me with the fabled “warm and fuzzy feelings.” As the daughter of an Air Force Major, I had the pleasure of traveling across America in many moving trips. I have visited the monstrous trees of the Sequoia National Forest, stood on the edge of the Grande Canyon and have jumped on the beds at Caesar’s Palace in Lake Tahoe. However, I have discovered that when reflecting on my childhood, it is not the trips that come to mind, instead there are details from everyday doings; a deck of cards, a silver bank or an ice cream flavor. One memory that comes to mind belongs to a day of no particular importance. It was late in the fall in Merced, California on the playground of my old elementary school; an overcast day with the wind blowing strong. I stood on the blacktop, pulling my hoodie over my ears. The wind was causing miniature tornados; we called them “dirt devils”, to swarm around me.”

Christmas Cookies

The second of the two narrative essay examples is an excerpt from “Christmas Cookies.”
“Although I have grown up to be entirely inept at the art of cooking, as to make even the most wretched chef ridicule my sad baking attempts, my childhood would have indicated otherwise; I was always on the countertop next to my mother’s cooking bowl, adding and mixing ingredients that would doubtlessly create a delicious food. When I was younger, cooking came intrinsically with the holiday season, which made that time of year the prime occasion for me to unite with ounces and ounces of satin dark chocolate, various other messy and gooey ingredients, numerous cooking utensils, and the assistance of my mother to cook what would soon be an edible masterpiece. The most memorable of the holiday works of art were our Chocolate Crinkle Cookies, which my mother and I first made when I was about six and are now made annually.”  

Tips on Writing a Narrative Essay

When writing a narrative essay, remember that you are sharing sensory and emotional details with the reader.
  • Your words need to be vivid and colorful to help the reader feel the same feelings that you felt.
  • Elements of the story need to support the point you are making and you need to remember to make reference to that point in the first sentence.
  • You should make use of conflict and sequence like in any story.
  • You may use flashbacks and flash forwards to help the story build to a climax.
  • It is usually written in the first person, but third person may also be used.
Remember, a well-written narrative essay tells a story and makes a point.

Punctuation

Punctuation


Punctuation rules

Punctuation marks are symbols which
  1. organize the structure of written language,
  2. and indicate intonation and pauses to be observed when reading aloud.
Punctuation marks are also used to avoid ambiguity. For example, "woman, without her man, is nothing" has a different meaning from "woman: without her, man is nothing"
This is a summary of punctuation rules.
Read the punctuation rules and study the examples given.

End punctuation marks:

1. Full stop , or period (.)
  • Used a full stop at the end of a sentence:
    She stood up and went away. She was furious.
  • Used for abbreviations:
    Co. (Company)
    M.P. (Member of Parliament)
2. Question marks (?)
  • Question marks are used at the end of direct questions:
    Where do you live?
    Are you crazy?
    Did you do the homework?
  • Use a question mark at the end of tag questions:
    You will help me, won't you?
    He likes soccer, doesn't he?
3. Exclamation marks (!)
  • Used to indicate strong emotions:
    She's so beautiful!
    What a nice girl!
    How interesting!
  • Used after interjections:
    Oh! It's awful.
    Hi! What's up?

Commas (,)

  • Commas are used between items in a series or list. The last two items of the series usually do not need a comma between them. They are separated by "and".
    I like spaghetti, fish, pizza and couscous.
  • Commas are also used between adjectives or adverbs:
    I'd like to have a big, black, German car.
    She speaks slowly, quietly and eloquently.
  • After the street address and city in an address:
    34 Hassan II Street, Rabat, Morocco.
  • Before or after direct speech:
    He said,"I hate being treated like that."
    "I'm sorry", she replied.
  • Before a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
    He woke up late, so he had to drive to work.

Semicolons (;)

  • Semicolons are used instead of a full stop or period to separate independent sentences:
    They woke up early; then they went jogging.
  • Use a semicolon to separate items in a series when those items contain punctuation such as a comma:
    They visited the Eiffel Tower, Paris; Big Ben, London; and the statue of liberty, New York

Colons (:)

  • Use a colon to introduce a list:
    He visited three cities last summer holiday: Madrid, Roma and Athens.
  • To introduce an idea or an explanation:
    He had one idea in mind: to see her as soon as possible.
  • To introduce direct speech or a quotation:
    The secretary whispered in his ear: "Your wife is on the phone. "

Dashes (--)

  • To introduce parenthetical information:
    I put on a blue jacket --the one my mother bought me-- and blue jeans.
  • To show an afterthought:
    I explained to him my point of view-- at least I tried!

Apostrophes (')

  • Use an apostrophe to indicate a missing letter or letters in a contraction.
    I'm fed up with his stories
  • Use an apostrophe plus the letter "s" to show possession.
    My brother's girlfriend is such a sweet girl.

Quotation marks ("")

  • Quotation marks are used to quote speech, sentences or words.
    She said, "I love you."

Listening

Click Here to all the material of listening

Listening

Listening is often confused with hearing. While hearing is a biological process that can be scientifically explained, listening is a neurological cognitive regarding the processing of auditory stimuli received by the auditory system.
Roland Barthes, a linguist, distinguishes between hearing and listening, stating, "Hearing is a physiological phenomenon; listening is a psychological act." Barthes also states that "whereas for centuries listening could be defined as an intentional act of audition...today it is granted the power (and virtually the function) of playing over unknown spaces " including unconscious forms.Hearing is always occurring, most of the time subconsciously. Listening is the interpretative action taken by the listener in order to understand and potentially make meaning out of the sound waves. Listening can be understood on three levels: alerting, deciphering, and an understanding of how the sound is produced and how the sound affects the listener.
Alerting, the first level, does nothing to distinguish human from animal. At the alerting level one merely picks up on certain environmental sound cues. While discussing this level, Barthes mentions the idea of territory being demarcated by sounds. This is best explained using the example of one's home. One's home, for instance, has certain sounds associated with it that make it familiar and comfortable. An intrusion sound (e.g. a squeaking door or floorboard, a breaking window) alerts the dweller of the home to the potential danger.
In a metaphorical way, deciphering, the second level, is to listening what digestion is to eating. An example of this level is that of a child waiting for the sound of his mother's return home. In this scenario the child is waiting to pick up on sound cues (e.g. jingling keys, the turn of the doorknob, etc) that will mark his mother's approach.
Understanding, the third level of listening, means knowing how what one says will affect another. This sort of listening is important in psychoanalysis. Barthes states that the psychoanalyst must turn off their judgement while listening to the analysand in order to communicate with their patient's unconscious in a unbiased fashion.
Listening differs from obeying. Parents may commonly conflate the two, by telling a disobedient child that he "didn't listen to me". However, a person who receives and understands information or an instruction, and then chooses not to comply with it or to agree to it, has listened to the speaker, even though the result is not what the speaker wanted.

Saying Goodbye


Saying Goodbye




Saying Goodbye


Parting phrases

There are different expressions or phrases to say goodbye. These parting phrases depend on situations and the people involved, their social status and personal relationship.

Leaving and saying goodbye

  • All right, everyone, it's time to head off.
  • Anyway, guys I'm going to make a move.
  • Ok, everyone, it's time to leave you.
  • See you later / tomorrow / soon.
  • Talk to you later!

If you want to say goodbye in a hurry

  • I'm so sorry, I've got to rush off / run / hurry!
  • I'm afraid I'm going to have to rush off / run / hurry!

Saying goodbye politely after meeting someone

  • Nice to see you.
  • It's been lovely to see you.
  • It was great to see you.
  • Good to see you.
  • Have a lovely / nice evening.
  • Have a good day.

Saying goodbye to your hosts

  • Thanks very much for dinner/ lunch - it was lovely!
  • Thank you very much for having me.

Other ways to say goodbye

  • Take care
  • Bye!
  • Bye Bye!
  • Later man / bro!
  • Have a good one!
  • It's time to be going!
  • So Long!

Slang Goodbyes

  • Catch you later
  • Peace! / Peace out
  • I'm out!
  • Smell you later

Final goodbye

  • Farewell (when you intend never to see your interlocutor again)

Telling The Time

Telling the time in English 

 

Telling The Time


How to tell the time in English?

clock
There are two common ways of telling the time in English. For 2:40 you can use one of these two ways.
  • Digital: the easier way - "Two forty "
  • Classical: you say the minutes first then the hour - "twenty to three"
Here are the different ways to ask for and tell the time.
 

Asking about the time:

What
time is it?
time do you make it?
's the time?
Have you got
the right time?

Telling the time:

Digital It's ... It's ...
2.00
two o'clock
two
2.06
six minutes past two
two oh six
2.09
nine minutes past two
two oh nine
2.12
twelve past two
two twelve
2.15
a quarter past two
two fifteen
2.20
twenty past two
two twenty
2.25
twenty-five past two
two twenty-five
2.30
half past two
two thirty
2.35
twenty-five to three
two thirty-five
2.40
twenty to three
two forty
2.45
a quarter to three
two forty-five
2.50
ten to three
two fifty
2.55
five to three
two fifty-five
2.57
three minutes to three
two fifty-seven
2.58
nearly three o'clock
two fifty-eight
3.00
three o'clock
three

Example:

Question: What's the time, please?
Answer: It's two o'clock.

Introducing yourself and other people

Introducing yourself and other people


Introducing yourself and others

There is a range of ways to introduce yourself and people.

Introducing yourself:

Here are expressions to introduce yourself: introducing people
  • My name is ...
  • I'm ....
  • Nice to meet you; I'm ...
  • Pleased to meet you; I'm ...
  • Let me introduce myself; I'm ...
  • I'd like to introduce myself; I'm ...

Introducing others:

Here are expressions to introduce others:
  • Jack, please meet Nicolas.
  • Jack, have you met Nicolas?
  • I'd like you to meet Liza.
  • I'd like to introduce you to Betty.
  • Leila, this is Barbara. Barbara this is Leila.

Useful responses when introducing yourself or other people:

  • Nice to meet you.
  • Pleased to meet you.
  • Happy to meet you.
  • How do you do?

Dialogue:

Alex is talking to the new manager and his assistant. Notice how they introduce themselves:
Alex: Hi! My name is Alex Litterman, the new manager.
William: Hi! I'm William O'Brian. Nice to meet you, Mr Alex Litterman.
John: William, please meet Mr Steve Lynch, my assistant
Jack: How do you do?
Nicolas: How do you do?

Things to remember:

  • When introducing yourself or other people in a formal situation use full names. ("I'm Alex Litterman.")
  • "How do you do?" isn't really a question, it just means "Hello"


Introducing yourself and other people video

Greeting


The Greetings Song


Greeting


There are different ways to greet people:

Greeting means welcoming someone with particular words or a particular action.
When meeting people formally for the first time, we greet by shaking hands and saying "How do you do?" or "Pleased to meet you."
"How do you do?" isn't really a question, it just means "Hello".
When young people meet informally they sometimes greet and say "Give me five!" and slap their hands together (high five).
Generally we do not greet by shaking hands with people we know well. We greet by just saying 'hi' or 'hello'
Here are some expressions you can use to greet people.

Greeting

  • greetingHi, hello.
  • Good morning, good afternoon, good evening.
  • How are you?
  • How are you doing?
  • How do you do?

Responding to greeting

  • Hi, hello.
  • Good morning/Good afternoon/Good evening.
  • I'm fine thank you (thanks)/Okey! Thank you (thanks)/Can't complain/Not bad.
  • How about you?/And you?
  • How do you do?

Things to remember about greeting:

When you greet someone and say:
"How do you do?"
this isn't really a question, it just means "Hello".

Clauses

Clauses


What is a clause?

A clause is a group of words that consists of a subject and a predicate. There are two major types of clauses:
  • Independent clauses
  • Dependent clauses

Independent clauses

An indpendent clause, also called a main clause, is like a sentence. It consits of a subject and a predicate and can stand alone like a sentence.
Examples:
  • She died last week
  • He likes her.

Dependent clauses

A dependent clause, also called subordinate clause, has a subject and a verb but, unlike a dependent clause, it cannot stand alone as a sentence.
  • because I am in love.
  • that you lent me.
  • who is over there.

Conditional Sentences


Conditional Sentence Type 0conditional

Conditional type zero is used to talk about general truths, scientific facts or things which always happen under certain conditions.

Form:

If + Simple Present, + Simple Present

Use:

The zero conditional is used to talk about things which are always true, scientific facts, general truths:
Examples:
If you cross an international date line, the time changes.
Phosphorus burns if you expose it to air.
If I wake up early, I go jogging.

NOTE: you can use "when" instead of "if".

Conditional Sentence Type 1

Often called the "real" conditional because it is used for real or possible situations. These situations take place if a certain condition is met. It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form:

If + Simple Present, + Simple Future

Use

Conditional Sentences Type 1 refer to the future. An action in the future will only happen if a certain condition is fulfilled by that time. We don't know for sure whether the condition actually will be fulfilled or not, but the conditions seems rather realistic – so we think it is likely to happen.
Example:
If I have enough time, I'll watch the football match.
I may have time to watch the match but I'm not sure about it.

Conditional Sentence Type 2

Often called the "unreal" conditional because it is used for unreal impossible or improbable situations. This conditional provides an imaginary result for a given situation. It is very unlikely that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form:

if + Simple Past, + would + base verb

Were / Was

In conditional type 2, we usually use in the if clause "were" instead of "was" even if the pronoun is I, he, she or it. "were" here is a subjunctive form.
NOTE "was" is also a possible form.
Example:
If I were a millionaire, I would buy a castle.

Use

Conditional Sentences Type 2 refer to an action in the present that could happen if the present situation were different. I don't really expect the situation to change because it is very unlikely.
Example:
If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the world.

Conditional Sentence Type 3

It is impossible that the condition will be met because it refers to the past.

Form:

if + Past Perfect, + would + have + Past Participle

Use

Conditional Sentences Type 3 refer to situations in the past. They express hypothetical results to past given situations.
Example:
If he had been careful, he wouldn't have had that terrible accident.
Sometimes in the past, he was careless. He drove so fast. So he had a terrible accident

Things to remember

1. The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use a comma.
Examples:
"Phosphorus burns if you expose it to air."
" I will send her an invitation if I find her address."
" I would travel around the world if I had a million dollars."
"He wouldn't have had that terrible accident if he had been careful."
2. Main clause and/or if clause might be negative.
Example:
If I don’t see him this afternoon, I will phone him in the evening.
If he had been careful, he wouldn't have had an accident.

Relative Clauses


What are relative clauses?

A relative clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or a noun phrase.
Example:
The man who is smoking is the murderer
The noun the man is modified by the relative clause who is smoking.
Relative clauses give essential information to define or identify the person or thing we are talking about.

How to use relative clauses

They are used to provide extra information. This information can either:
  • define something (defining clause),
    Example:
    The girl who is standing there is a world champion in karate.
  • or provide unnecessary, but interesting information (non-defining clause).
    Example:
    Michael Jackson, who was a famous singer, died of an overdose.
Relative clauses can be introduced by:
  1. A relative pronoun: who, whom, which, that, whose.

    Example: "The man who is standing there is a famous writer."

  2. A relative adverb: where, why and when.

    Example: " The restaurant where I have dinner is nice."

  3. None of them.

    Example: "The man I met is extremely wealthy"

Relative Pronouns

who - subject or object pronoun for people
They caught the lady who killed her baby.
which - subject or object pronoun
I read the book which is on the table.
I visited the town which you told me about.
which - referring to a whole sentence
They were unsuccessful which is disappointing.
whom - used for object pronoun for people, especially in non-restrictive relative clauses (in restrictive relative clauses use who)
The boy whom you told me about got the best grades in mathematics.
that - subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in restrictive relative clauses (who or which are also possible)
I like the vase that is over there.

Relative adverbs

where - referring to a place
The restaurant where I usually have dinner is nice.
when - referring to a time
There are times when I feel so lonely.
why - referring to a reason
This is why she refused the offer.

Subject Pronoun or Object Pronoun?

You can distinguish subject and object pronouns as follows:
  • If the relative pronoun is not followed by a noun or pronoun, it is a subject pronoun. Subject relative pronouns can never be omitted (dropped.)
    Example:
    The apple which is lying on the table is sweet.
    The teacher who lives next door is nice.

  • If the relative pronoun is followed by a noun or pronoun, the relative pronoun is an object pronoun. Object relative pronouns can be omitted (dropped) in restrictive (defining) relative clauses.
    Example:
    The film (which) we watched yesterday was fantastic.
    The writer (who/whom) we met last weekend is very famous.

Restrictive Relative Clauses

1. Restrictive (identifying or defining) relative clauses give detailed necessary information. They are not put between commas.
I know the man who is standing there
2. These clauses are often used in definitions.
A novelist is someone who writes novels.
3. Object pronouns in these clauses can be omitted (dropped.)
Example:
The boy (who/whom) we met yesterday is from New York.

Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses

Non- restrictive (non-identifying or non- defining) relative clauses give interesting additional information which is not necessary to the meaning of the sentence. These clauses are put between commas.
Example:
Martin Luther king, who was known for his fight for the civil rights, was assassinated in 1968.
Note:
In non restrictive relative clauses:
1. who/which may not be replaced with that.
Example:
Jim, who we met yesterday, is very nice.
NOT
Jim, that we met yesterday, is very nice.
2. Object relative pronouns cannot be dropped.
Example:
Jim, who we met yesterday, is very nice.
NOT
Jim,we met yesterday, is very nice.